101 As an example of decrees ordering gülbeşeker in the financial registers, see: MAD 9830, p. 33; Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi Bâb-ı Defterî Evâmir-i Mâliye Kalemi Defter Tasnifi (D. EVM) 26280, p. 11.
102 Şemseddin Sâmi, Kamûs-ı Türkî, Dersaadet 1317, p. 1175.
103 "Adana hâkimine hüküm ki... bundan akdem hassa-i hümâyûnum içün Adana'dan Kilâr-ı âmireme reçeller ve tarhana irsâl olunagelmiş iken..." (KK 70, p. 322).
104 Terzioğlu describes rub as “the essences extracted from fruits and vegetables, left in the sun to thicken” (Helvahane Defteri, p. 80). But both Redhouse (Turkish and English Lexicon, Istanbul 1992, p. 961) and the archival documents (D. EVM 26279, p. 73; MAD 1815, p. 128;MAD 2765, p. 103; Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi Ali Emiri Tasnifi (Ali Emiri-Mehmed IV), nr. 4535) show that rub was obtained by boiling.
105 See for example D. BŞM 10511, p. 47. Pestil was also brought from the Greek island of Syros to the palace. (MD 39, p. 42/99).
106 D. BŞM 10534, p. 4; KK 7279, p. 2-3; Terzioğlu, Helvahane Defteri, p. 61-62.
107 Both red roses and the variety “sakız” were collected from the private garden of the palace as well as gardens in Rumeli, Üsküdar, Sultaniye and Tokat for the making of rub (TSMAE. 11629/1).
108 MAD 1815, p. 128; MAD 7528, p. 100; D. EVM 26279, p. 81. The rose rub made in Edirne was called gül-i mükerrer (refined rose) in the archival documents. (MAD 9830, p. 33; D. EVM26280, p. 11).
109 MAD 7424,s. 9; MAD 9829,s. 164; MAD 2765, p. 103; D. EVM 26279, p. 73.
110 D. BŞM 80; D. BŞM 10511, p. 40, Barkan, "İstanbul Saraylarına...", p. 91. Before the conquest of Egypt, Kâbilî murabbâ was brought from Bursa. (a. g. m., p. 89)
111 Atâ, Târih, I, p. 298; İzzet Kumbaracıbaşı, Hekimbaşı Odası, İlk Eczane, Başlala Kulesi, İstanbul 1933, p. 18.
112 MAD 2063, p. 41; D. BŞM 10527, p. 34; D. BŞM 10534, p. 4. For the recipes for thesemacuns see Terzioğlu, Helvahane Defteri.
113
114 Mehmet Şeker (ed.), Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî ve Mevâidü'n-Nefâis Fî Kavâ‘idi'l-Mecâlis, Ankara 1997, p. 341.
115 Terzioğlu, Helvahane Defteri, p. 8, 18.
116 MAD 2003, p. 21; MAD 274, p. 37.
117 D. BŞM 10527, p. 16; Barkan, "İstanbul Saraylarına...", p. 187-280.
118 Yerasimos, Sultan Sofraları, p. 124-126.
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